Directional polarity has been the most fundamental thing one should learn before digging deep into the numerical values of any problem. Whether be…
Frame Element Internal Forces (SAP 2000)
The frame element internal forces are: P, the axial forceV2, the shear force in the 1-2 planeV3, the shear force in the 1-3…
Local Axes in frame (SAP2000)
By default the local 1-axis of a frame object extends from the i-end of the element to the j-end. The default orientation of…
Plastic Analysis of a beam and frame
In plastic analysis and design of a structure, the ultimate load of the structure as a whole is regarded as the design criterion.…
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy
1. Unknown Internal Forces (SI) 2. Unknown External Forces (SI) 3. Unknown Movements (KI) 1. Internal Forces: They are the forces produced in a member of…
Slope Deflection Method
ASSUMPTIONS IN THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD This method is based on the following simplified assumptions. 1- All the joints of the frame are…
Displacements by energy principles
Displacementsby energy principles beam of length L under pure bending The total strain energy stored in a bending beam is then and if…
Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Structure
Structure is an assemblage of a number of components like slabs, beams, columns, walls, foundations and so on, which remains in equilibrium. It…
Stress, Strain and Deflection
Stress and Strain Stresses are either tensile or compressive. Structural materials are chosen by their ability to resist tensile or compressive forces, depending…
Limit State of Design
Structures must perform satisfactorily in normal service, and must also have a sufficient margin of safety against collapse. Two type of limit state:…